History & Evolution
Parampara (The Lineage)
The history of the veena is the history of Indian classical music itself. From the harp-like bows of the Vedic age to the sophisticated fretted instrument of today, the veena has evolved alongside the theoretical development of ragas and shrutis.
Evolution Timeline
The Harp Veenas
Early references to 'Vana' and 'Shatatantri' (100-stringed) veenas. These were likely harp-like instruments without frets, played with wooden sticks.
Classification
Bharata Muni classifies string instruments. Distinguishes between 'Chitra' (7 strings) and 'Vipanchi' (9 strings). Frets were likely not present or rudimentary.
The Shift to Tube Zithers
Cave sculptures (e.g., Ajanta, Ellora) show transition from harps to instruments with a fingerboard. The 'Eka-tantri' (single string) becomes prominent for drone.
The Fixed Fret Revolution
King Raghunatha Nayak of Thanjavur (and minister Govinda Dikshitar) is credited with standardizing the 24-fret veena arrangement, enabling the modern Mela Karta raga system.
Modern Contours
Refinement of construction techniques. Styles like Thanjavur and Mysore emerge with distinct aesthetic preferences.
Regional Banis (Styles)
Thanjavur Style
Characterized by a deep, resonant tone and slow, elaborate gamakas. Emphasis on "Gayaki Ang" (imitating the vocal style). The instrument typically has a slightly thicker top plank.
Mysore Style
Known for clarity, speed, and instrumental virtuosity. Often uses thinner strings for sharper tone. Features distinct "Split-fingering" techniques.
Andhra Style
Balances the depth of Thanjavur with the virtuosity of Mysore. Often features energetic playing and rhythmic complexity.
Kerala Style
Distinctive for its emphasis on Tantrakari (instrumental technique) and specific structural modifications in the instrument favored by Travancore court.