Research Archive

This interdisciplinary study examines the Saraswathi Veena through integrated perspectives of mechanical engineering, materials science, acoustic physics, and psychoacoustics. Employing systems engineering methodology, the instrument is modeled as a closed-loop control system with the musician, instrument, and audience functioning as source, transfer medium, and sink respectively. Critical design parameters include operating base frequency (~500 Hz), dual resonator configuration, soundboard geometry, and anisotropic wood properties. Mathematical modeling represents the Veena as a multiple-degree-of-freedom spring-mass-damper system, with governing differential equations revealing damping coefficients' fundamental role in gamaka quality and sustain characteristics. Materials analysis demonstrates that fret-bonding wax composition, particularly carbon black volume fraction, critically determines damping behavior; improper formulations reduce intended three-second gamaka sustain to one second. Comparative analysis of flat fret geometry (Veena) versus curved fret geometry (sitar) reveals distinctive pitch modulation mechanics: linear in-plane extension versus quadratic nonlinear displacement. Psychoacoustic investigation establishes characteristic frequency spectrum differentiation between ragas, creating subconscious emotional perception variations. Neurophysiological considerations encompass fingertip biofeedback mechanisms, brain wave resonance states, and ergonomic matching between instrument vibration frequencies and the musician's somatic natural frequencies. The study concludes that optimal acoustic performance requires integrated understanding across mechanical engineering, materials science, acoustic physics, and human factors engineering domains, providing empirical foundation for evidence-based instrument design and performance optimization.

This study presents the first documented computed tomography (CT) examination of the Saraswati Veena, revealing unprecedented anatomical parallels between the classical Indian string instrument and human morphology. Using advanced radiological imaging techniques, a comprehensive three-dimensional analysis was conducted to explore structural correspondences between the Veena's components and human anatomical systems. The investigation demonstrates remarkable correlations: the 24 frets corresponding to the 24 free vertebral bodies of the human spine, the resonator (kunda) exhibiting structural similarity to the mid-sagittal plane of the brain, and the Yali representing the fused sacrococcygeal complex. Inter-fret spacing patterns mirror inter-vertebral disc space gradation, while the string configuration parallels the brachial plexus arrangement. The study further identifies the optimal plucking location—three inches above the 24th fret—as corresponding to critical neurological structures including the cerebellum and brainstem. These findings provide empirical radiological evidence supporting ancient philosophical assertions regarding the Veena as a microcosm of human anatomy, offering new perspectives for organology, ethnomusicology, and music therapy research.